Plain-English explanations of the ingredients that actually matter — what they do, who they're for, and what to watch out for.
The gold standard of anti-aging. Retinol speeds up cell turnover, stimulates collagen production, and fades dark spots over time. Start slow — 2-3 nights per week — and always wear SPF the next morning.
A powerful antioxidant that brightens dull skin, fades hyperpigmentation, and boosts your SPF's effectiveness. Use it in the morning. Unstable formulas can oxidize (turn orange) — look for dark packaging.
A humectant that draws moisture into the skin and holds it there. Works best applied to damp skin, immediately followed by a moisturizer to seal it in. Good for all skin types including oily.
A versatile workhorse that minimizes pores, controls oil, fades dark spots, and strengthens the skin barrier. One of the most well-tolerated actives — suitable for sensitive skin and safe to layer with most ingredients.
Water-soluble exfoliants that work on the skin's surface. Glycolic acid is the most potent; lactic acid is gentler and also hydrating. Great for dull skin, texture, and fine lines. Always use SPF when exfoliating.
Oil-soluble exfoliant that penetrates into pores to clear out congestion, blackheads, and breakouts. The go-to ingredient for acne-prone skin. Less irritating than AHAs for most people.
Lipids that form the "mortar" of your skin barrier, keeping moisture in and irritants out. Essential if you use actives like retinol or AHAs. CeraVe is famous for including ceramides in affordable formulas.
A soothing botanical extract that calms redness, speeds healing, and supports collagen production. A staple in Korean skincare and ideal for reactive or post-procedure skin.